Article 1.
Every Kuwaiti man of 21 years of age has the right to vote, except for those who have not been Kuwaiti citizens for at least 20 years according to Article 6 of the Prince’s Ordinance No. 15 for 1959 on Kuwaiti citizenship.

Note: On 16 May 1999, the Kuwaiti Cabinet, pursuant to an instruction from the Emir, issued a decree which would give women the right to vote and run for National Assembly. The Kuwaiti National Assembly was dissolved by the Prime Minister on April 4, 1999 and an election for the new Assembly was held on July 3, 1999. Any decrees issued during the period that the National Assembly was dissolved require approval of two thirds of the newly constituted Assembly in order to be codified into law. The decree from the Cabinet will be submitted to the new National Assembly and if approved by two thirds of the National Assembly, women will be able to vote in the general elections in 2003.

Article 2.
. . . every person shall be deemed to be a citizen of Bangladesh--

(i) Who or whose father or grandfather was born in the territories now comprised in Bangladesh . . . and continues to be so resident; . . . .

Note: Article 28 of the Constitution of Bangladesh: "The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth."

Section 90.
A person born outside Kenya after 11th December, 1963 shall become a citizen of Kenya at the date of his birth if at that date his father is a citizen of Kenya.

Section 91.
A woman who has been married to a citizen of Kenya shall be entitled, upon making application in such a manner as may be prescribed by or under an Act of Parliament, to be registered as a citizen of Kenya.

Article 1.
A Monegasque is:

1. Every person born of a Monegasque father.
2. Every person born of a mother who was born Monegasque and who still has Monegasque nationality on the date of that person’s birth.
3. Every person born of a Monegasque mother and who has a Monegasque-born ancestor on the mother’s side of the family.

Article 3.
A foreign woman who is the wife of a Monegasque man can acquire Monegasque nationality by declaration, after a waiting period of five years from the date of marriage, on condition that the marriage to her Monegasque husband has not ended at the time of the request, except in the case of widowhood which has not been followed by remarriage.

 Note: Article 17 of the Constitution of Monaco: "Monegasque citizens are equal before the law. There are no privileges among them."

Section 309.
Children born out of wedlock.
(a) The provisions of paragraphs (c), (d), (e), and (g) of section 301 [granting United States citizenship] shall apply as of the date of birth to a person born out of wedlock if --

(1) a blood relationship between the person and the father is established by clear and convincing evidence,

(2) the father had the nationality of the United States at the time of the person's birth,

(3) the father (unless deceased) has agreed in writing to provide financial support for the person until the person reaches the age of 18 years, and

(4) while the person is under the age of 18 years--

(A) the person is legitimated under the law of the person's residence or domicile,

(B) the father acknowledges paternity of the person in writing under oath, or

(C) the paternity of the person is established by adjudication of a competent court.

(c) Notwithstanding the provision of subsection (a) of this section, a person born, after December 23, 1952, outside the United States and out of wedlock shall be held to have acquired at birth the nationality status of his mother, if the mother had the nationality of the United States at the time of such person’s birth, and if the mother had previously been physically present in the United States or one of its outlying possessions for a continuous period of one year.

Note: The United States law cited above was challenged in a case brought by a woman born in the Philippines to a Filipino mother and an American father who had served in the United States military forces on duty in the Philippines. Although there were enough votes on the United States Supreme Court to overturn this law as unconstitutional, for procedural reasons it was upheld in 1998. (Miller v. Albright: 118 S. Ct. 1428; 1998 U.S. LEXIS 2789, April 22, 1998). Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, one of two women on the nine-member court, wrote in her dissenting opinion:

"The law at issue might have made custody or support the relevant criterion. Instead, it treats mothers one way, fathers another, shaping government policy to fit and reinforce the stereotype or historic pattern. . . . Even if one accepts at face value the Government’s current rationale, it is surely based on generalizations (stereotypes) about the way women (or men) are . . . One can demur to the Government’s observation that more United States citizen mothers of children born abroad out of wedlock actually raise their children than do United States citizen fathers of such children. As Justice Breyer has elucidated, this observation does not justify distinctions between male and female United States citizens who take responsibility, or avoid responsibility, for raising their children."

Article 37. The following are Venezuelan by naturalization whenever they state their desire to be so;

(1) A foreign woman married to a Venezuelan . . . .

Article 38. A Venezuelan woman who marries a foreigner retains her nationality unless she states her desire to the contrary and, according to the national law of her husband, acquires his nationality.

Note: Article 61 of the Constitution of Venezuela: "Discrimination based on race, sex, creed, social condition shall not be permitted."

Article 17. Competence and number of witnesses.

(1) The competence of a person to testify, and the number of witnesses required in any case shall be determined in accordance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Holy Quran and Sunnah.

(2) Unless otherwise provided in any law relating to the enforcement of Hudood or any other special law,

(a) in matters pertaining to financial or future obligations, if reduced to writing, the instrument shall be attested by two men, or one man and two women, so that one may remind the other, if necessary, and evidence shall be led accordingly; and

(b) in all other matters, the Court may accept, or act on, the testimony of one man or one woman or such other evidence as the circumstances of the case may warrant.

Section 8. Proof of zina-bil-jabr [rape] liable to hadd [maximum punishment prescribed by the Quran] shall be in one of the following forms, namely:--

(a) the accused makes before a Court of competent jurisdiction a confession of the commission of the offence; or

(b) at least four Muslim adult male witnesses, about whom the Court is satisfied, having regard to the requirements of tazkiyah al-shuhood [the mode of inquiry adopted by a Court to satisfy itself as to the credibility of a witness], that they are truthful persons and abstain from major sins (kabair), give evidence as eye-witnesses of the act of penetration necessary to the offence.

Provided that, if the accused is a non-Muslim, the eye-witnesses may be non-Muslims.

Note: Article 25 of the Constitution of Pakistan: "(1) All citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law. (2) There shall be no discrimination on the basis of sex alone."

. . . the issue of women’s driving of automobiles. It is known that this is a source of undeniable vices, inter alia, the legally prohibited "Khilwa" [meeting in private between a man and a woman] and abandonment of "hijab" [women’s veil]. This also entails women meeting with men without taking the necessary precautions. It could also lead to committing "haraam" [taboo] acts hence this was forbidden. Pure"Sharia" also prohibits the means that lead to committing taboo acts and considers these acts "haraam" in themselves. . . . Thus, the pure "Sharia" prohibited all the ways leading to vice. . . . Women’s driving is one of the means leading to that and this is self-evident.

Note: In Saudi Arabia, a fatwa has the force of law. In May 1999, Agence France Presse (AFP) reported that the Saudi Interior Minister, Prince Nayef bin Abdel Aziz, reiterated the Saudi government’s position that women would not be allowed to drive in Saudi Arabia.